![]() The law of war also applies during civil wars. These Conventions contain rules that must safeguard the protection of prisoners of war and civilians during periods of conflict. There is scarcely any discussion about the enforcement of international humanitarian law as set out in the Geneva Conventions. She defended her thesis on 23 October at Utrecht University. She did PhD research into 'armed groups and international human rights' with funding from the Open Competition of NWO Social Sciences. To create more clarity lawyer Katharine Fortin calls for the legal grounds to be linked to the territory that the armed rebels control and their level of organisation. A person must be called to account on legal grounds and in the case of armed groups these are often unclear. Holding parties to an armed conflict to account on the basis of international humanitarian law is uncontroversial but the holding them to account under human rights law raises a myriad of questions. With increasing frequency the United Nations accuses armed rebel groups in conflict areas of violating human rights but there is a considerable lack of clarity about the legal basis on which this is done. Credit: ZUMA Press, Inc./Alamy Stock Photo Islamic State military parades through the city of Ar-Raqqa, carrying heavy weapons which have been seized from the Syrian and the Iraqi armies.
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